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2013年TOEFL试题，最新托福考试试题，最全托福考试试题：

　　1. (A) She has had the man's calculator since

　　Thursday.

　　(B) The man's calculator is broken.

　　(C) The man may use her calculator.

　　(D) She'll return the man's calculator on

　　Thursday.

　　2. (A) Buy a different kind of medicine.

　　(B) See a doctor.

　　(C) Take a second pill.

　　(D) Avoid taking any medication.

　　3. (A) He'll go running after his study group

　　meeting.

　　(B) He doesn't agree with the woman

　　about the weather.

　　(C) He doesn't like to go running.

　　(D) He'll go with the woman this

　　afternoon.

　　4. (A) Another friend commented on his

　　haircut too.

　　(B) The woman has mistaken him for

　　another person.

　　(C) He decided to try a new barbershop.

　　(D) A different person cut his hair this

　　time.

　　5. (A) The man shouldn't be surprised at how

　　busy he is.

　　(B) The man should leave more time for

　　his studies.

　　(C) The man should try to find a different

　　job.

　　(D) The bookstore will be hiring more

　　people.

　　6. (A) The woman should get more sleep.

　　(B) The woman may be sicker than she

　　realizes.

　　(C) He isn't sick.

　　(D) He doesn't think the woman is sick.

　　7. (A) The art museum isn't open today.

　　(B) The number 42 bus doesn't run on

　　Mondays.

　　(C) The man should wait for the number'

　　42 bus.

　　(D) She has never taken the bus to the art

　　museum.

　　8. (A) The man should buy a jacket instead

　　of a suit.

　　(B) The green jacket doesn't fit as well as

　　the blue one.

　　(C) The style of clothing is more

　　important than the color.

　　(D) The man looks better in blue.

　　9. (A) The woman will get to her class on

　　time.

　　(B) The woman should go to a different

　　counter.

　　(C) He doesn't like sandwiches very

　　much.

　　(D) He's having trouble deciding what to

　　eat.

　　10. (A) Her sister's train is late.

　　(B) Her sister will visit in three months.

　　(C) She'll have to leave without her

　　sister.

　　(D) She's eager to see her sister.

　　11. (A) She's pleased they were invited.

　　(B) Susan gave them the wrong

　　directions.

　　(C) They'll probably be late for dinner.

　　(D) Susan's house is probably nearby.

　　12. (A) Buy some orange juice for the woman.

　　(B) Borrow some money from the

　　woman.

　　(C) Drive the woman to the store.

　　(D) Pay back money the woman lent

　　him.

　　13. (A) She hasn't worn the dress in a long time.

　　(B) She doesn't like the dress very much.

　　(C) She intends to give the dress to her

　　sister.

　　(D) She doesn't remember where her

　　sister bought the dress.

　　14. (A) She never cleans the apartment.

　　(B) She's doing a report with her

　　roommate.

　　(C) She's too busy to clean the

　　apartment.

　　(D) She doesn't like sharing an

　　apartment.

　　15. (A) He'll try to finish the novel tonight.

　　(B) He liked the novel very much.

　　(C) He doesn't remember where he put

　　the novel.

　　(D) He's looking forward to the next

　　literature assignment.

　　16. (A) He doesn't like to wake up early in

　　the morning.

　　(B) The woman seems unusually sad.

　　(C) There's no special reason for his

　　good mood.

　　(D) He wasn't in a good mood when he

　　woke up.

　　17. (A) Get a ride to the station with the

　　woman.

　　(B) Take the woman to the station.

　　(C) Borrow the woman's car to go to the

　　station.

　　(D) Drive his car instead of taking the

　　train.

　　18. (A) Review the assignment by himself.

　　(B) Wait a few minutes before trying to

　　phone John again.

　　(C) Ask one of John's housemates about

　　the assignment.

　　(D) Go over to John's house.

　　19. (A) He won't vote for the woman.

　　(B) He may also run for class president.

　　(C) The woman already asked him for

　　his vote.

　　(D) The woman should ask his

　　roommate to vote for her.

　　20. (A) She isn't sure that the author's ideas

　　would work.

　　(B) The author isn't an expert in

　　economics.

　　(C) She has a better theory about the

　　economy.

　　(D) The author spends too much time

　　arguing about details.

　　21. (A) She doesn't agree with the man.

　　(B) The man doesn't need an official

　　grade report.

　　(C) Official copies of grades used to be

　　cheaper.

　　(D) The man should go to a different

　　office.

　　22. (A) Take her bicycle to the repair shop.

　　(B) Leave her bicycle outside.

　　(C) Go to work when it stops raining.

　　(D) Check to make sure the garage is

　　dry.

　　23. (A) Others should hear about the man's

　　accomplishment.

　　(B) The man should avoid talking about

　　his accomplishment.

　　(C) The man's parents helped him gel

　　the scholarship.

　　(D) The man's parents already told her

　　about his scholarship.

　　24. (A) The course is too difficult,

　　(B) The professor changed his mind.

　　(C) The final exam was cancelled.

　　(D) The woman misunderstood the

　　professor.

　　25. (A) The coffee used to taste better.

　　(B) He's surprised that the woman drinks

　　coffee.

　　(C) He'd rather drink something other

　　than coffee.

　　(D) The coffee tastes the same as before.

　　26. (A) Come back later in the day.

　　(B) Join the staff meeting. .

　　(C) Wait for the pool to open.

　　(D) Wait for the competition to begin.

　　27. (A) He'd like to go to the theater Friday

　　night.

　　(B) He already has a ticket for the

　　Friday night performance.

　　(C) He doesn't think he can exchange his

　　ticket.

　　(D) He rarely goes to the movies.

　　28. (A) She took a history class last year.

　　(B) She doesn't trust the man's opinion.

　　(C) She probably won't take any history

　　classes.

　　(D) She didn't like her sociology

　　professor.

　　29, (A) The other job wouldn't have paid for

　　her tuition.

　　(B) The woman should have taken the

　　other job offer.

　　(C) The woman should get an advanced

　　degree.

　　(D) Paid tuition is only a small benefit.

　　30. (A) The man should have signed her up

　　for the class.

　　(B) The man needs to pay more

　　attention in class.

　　(C) She warned the man not to take an

　　early morning class.

　　(D) She thought the chemistry class was

　　difficult.

　　PartB

　　31. (A) To return some business books.

　　(B) To apply for a new library card.

　　(C) To check out some books from the

　　library

　　(D) To find out where the art books are

　　located.

　　32. (A) The library assistant thinks he has an

　　overdue book.

　　(B) The books he needs have been

　　checked out by someone else.

　　(C) The library assistant is unable to

　　locate the books that he needs.

　　(D) A library notice was sent to him at

　　his previous address.

　　33. (A) To explain why he had difficulty finding the library.

　　(B) To explain why he couldn't have

　　borrowed library books in June.

　　(C) To explain why he doesn't yet have a

　　library card,

　　(D) To explain why he needs assistance

　　in locating a book.

　　34. (A) The man has mistakenly received someone else's books.

　　(B) The man changed his major from art

　　to business.

　　(C) The man recently moved off campus.

　　(D) There are two students named

　　Robert Smith.

　　35. (A) See if he is related to any of the students.

　　(B) Apply for a job as a library assistant.

　　(C) Use his middle name.

　　(D) Use a different library.

　　36. (A) Its similarities to previous

　　architecture.

　　(B) Its impressive and distinctive

　　features.

　　(C) Methods used in its construction.

　　(D) How it was preserved for later

　　generations.

　　37. (A) Public market days.

　　(B) Races and sporting events.

　　(C) Processions of priests.

　　(D) Speeches by politicians.

　　38. (A) It was removed by an invading army.

　　(B) It broke off when part of the hall

　　collapsed.

　　(C) It was cut away to let banners pass

　　through the entrance.

　　(D) It was later used in building another

　　temple.

　　39. (A) Its lighting.

　　(B) Its sound quality.

　　(C) Its air circulation.

　　(D) Its stability in an earthquake.

　　Part C

　　40. (A) The relationship between physics

　　and philosophy.

　　(B) Ancient Greek beliefs about matter

　　and motion.

　　(C) The effects of Aristotle's philosophy

　　on current theories of physics.

　　(D) Aristotle's use of fire in scientific

　　experiments.

　　41. (A) Earth.

　　(B) Water.

　　(C) Air.

　　(D) Fire.

　　42. (A) Pulling and pushing motions.

　　(B) Throwing motions.

　　(C) Planetary motions.

　　(D) Natural downward or upward

　　motions.

　　43. (A) It's pushed away from Earth by fire.

　　(B) It's trying to return to its natural

　　resting place.

　　(C) It's attracted to other planets.

　　(D) Its main substance is water.

　　44. (A) To solicit volunteers for Turtle

　　Watch.

　　(B) To give an assignment to a biology

　　class.

　　(C) To warn students not to hurt green

　　turtles.

　　(D) To describe the nesting and hatching

　　activities of the green turtle.

　　45. (A) The lights attract predators.

　　(B) They need to save electricity.

　　(C) The baby turtles are attracted to

　　light.

　　(D) The volunteers use lights for signals.

　　46. (A) Write a report about their activities.

　　(B) Attend make-up classes with Dr.

　　Webster.

　　(C) Help find turtle eggs before they

　　hatch.

　　(D) Spend two hours working for the

　　project.

　　47. (A) How people in rural areas preserved

　　food.

　　(B) The construction of icehouses.

　　(C) An important industry in the

　　nineteenth century.

　　(D) How improvements in transportation

　　affected industry.

　　48. (A) Modem technology for the kitchen.

　　(B) Improved transportation systems.

　　(C) Industrial use of streams and rivers.

　　(D) Increased temperatures in many

　　areas.

　　49. (A) Only wealthy families had them.

　　(B) They were important to the ice

　　industry.

　　(C) They were built mostly on the east

　　coast.

　　(D) They are no longer in common use.

　　50. (A) To keep train engines cool.

　　(B) To preserve perishable food.

　　(C) To store ice while it was being

　　transported.

　　(D) To lift blocks of ice from frozen

　　lakes and ponds.

　　Section Two: Structure and Written Expression

　　1. The role of the ear is acoustic

　　disturbances into neural signals suitable for transmission to the brain.

　　(A) to code

　　(B) so that coded

　　(C) coded

　　(D) it coding

　　2. The imagist movement in poetry arose

　　during the second decade of the twentieth

　　century against romanticism,

　　(A) when a revolt

　　(B) as a revolt

　　(C) a revolt was

　　(D) that a revolt

　　3. Virtually species have biological

　　clocks that regulate their metabolism over a 24-hour period.

　　(A) all there are

　　(B) all

　　(C) all are

　　(D) they all

　　4. According to United States criminal law,

　　insanity may relieve a person from the

　　usual legal consequences

　　(A) what his or her acts have

　　(B) of his or her acts are

　　(C) of his or her acts

　　(D) what of his or her acts

　　5. In addition to a place where

　　business deals are made, a stock exchange collects statistics, publishes price quotations, and sets rules and standards for trading.

　　(A) being

　　(B) it is

　　(C) that which

　　(D) where is

　　6. The first inhabitants of the territories

　　Canada came across the Bering

　　Strait and along the edge of the Arctic ice.

　　(A) make up that now

　　(B) make up now that

　　(C) that make up now

　　(D) that now make up

　　7. need for new schools following the

　　Second World War that provided the sustained thrust for the architectural program in Columbus, Indiana.

　　(A) Since the

　　(B) To be the

　　(C) The

　　(D) It was the

　　8. The soybean contains vitamins, essential

　　minerals, high percentage of

　　protein.

　　(A) a

　　(B) and a

　　(C) since a

　　(D) of which a

　　9. Hail is formed when a drop of rain is

　　carried by an updraft to an altitude where

　　to freeze it.

　　(A) is the air cold enough

　　(B) the air cold enough

　　(C) the cold enough air

　　(D) the air is cold enough

　　10. Geometrically, the hyperbolic functions

　　are related to the hyperbola, the

　　trigonometric functions are related to the circle.

　　(A) just as

　　(B) same

　　(C) similar to

　　(D) and similar

　　11. , Kilauea is one of the world's most

　　active volcanoes, having erupted dozens of times since 1952.

　　(A) The big island of Hawaii's location

　　(B) Locates the big island of Hawaii

　　(C) Located on the big island of Hawaii

　　(D) On the big island of Hawaii's

　　location

　　12. Not until the eighteenth century

　　the complex chemistry of metallurgy

　　(A) when scientists began to appreciate

　　(B) did scientists begin to appreciate

　　(C) scientists who were beginning to

　　appreciate

　　(D) the appreciation of scientists began

　　13. 1810, water-powered textile

　　manufacturing arrived in New Hampshire with the founding of a company in Manchester that manufactured cotton and wool.

　　(A) Early

　　(B) In the early

　　(C) As early as

　　(D) When early

　　14. The settings of Eudora Welty's stories

　　may be rather limited, but about

　　human nature is quite broad.

　　(A) exposes

　　(B) exposes that

　　(C) she exposes

　　(D) what she exposes

　　15. Lichens grow extremely well in very plants can cold parts of the world survive.

　　(A) where few other

　　(B) few others

　　(C) where do few others

　　(D) there are few others

　　16.The pear tree has simple, oval leaves that are smoother and shinier than them of the

　　A B C D

　　apple.

　　17.In the orbit of a planet around the Sun, the point closest to the Sun is called it the

　　A B C D

　　perihelion.

　　18.In the early 1900’s, Roy Harris created and promoted a distinctly American style of

　　A B C

　　classical music and greatly influenced a number of composer in the United States.

　　D

　　19.The eighteenth century witnessed the emergence of North American ports,

　　A

　　particular Boston, New York, and Philadelphia, as major commercial centers within the

　　B C D

　　British empire.

　　20.Guitarlike instruments have exist since ancient times, but the first written mention

　　A B C

　　of the guitar itself is from the fourteenth century.

　　D

　　21.The law of biogenesis is the principle what all living organisms are derived from a

　　A B C

　　parent or parents.

　　D

　　22.Onyx is a mineral that can be recognized its regular and straight parallel bands of

　　A B C

　　white, black, or brown.

　　D

　　23.There are as many as 200 million insects for every human beings, and in fact their

　　A B

　　total number exceeds that of all other animals taken together.

　　C D

　　24.Native to South America and cultivated there for thousands of years, the peanut

　　A B

　　is said to have introduced to North America by early explorers.

　　C D

　　25.Originally canoes were made by the hollowing out of logs and used were for combat

　　A B C

　　as well as transport.

　　D

　　26.Among the symptoms of measles, which takes about twelve days to incubate, are a high

　　A B C

　　fever, swelling of glands in the neck, a cough, and sensitive to light.

　　D

　　27.Ice crystals in a glacier tends to melt and recrystallize within a brief moment of travel

　　A B C D

　　on a downhill glide.

　　28.Photograph was revolutionized in 1851 by the introduction of the collodion process

　　A B C

　　for making glass negatives.

　　D

　　29.The piano is a stringed musical instrument in which the strings are strike by

　　A B C

　　felt-covered hammers controlled by a keyboard.

　　D

　　30.The sounds used in human languages to create meaning consist of small variation in

　　A B

　　air pressure can be sensed by the ear.

　　C D

　　31.The mountains, especially the Rocky Mountains, formerly constituted a seriously

　　A B

　　barrier to east-west trade in British Columbia.

　　C D

　　32.Telescope are frequently used in astronomy to collect light from a celestial object,

　　A B

　　bring the light into focus, and producing a magnified image.

　　C D

　　33.Diamond is the hardest known substance, so diamond can be cut only by another

　　A B C D

　　diamonds.[page_break]

　　34.There are about 350 species and subspecies of birds in danger of become extinct,

　　A B

　　with a large number of them, 117 in all, found on oceanic islands.

　　C D

　　35.The nineteenth-century romantic movement in art was partially a reaction to what

　　A B C

　　was perceived as overemphasis on reasonable and order in neoclassicism.

　　D

　　36.Like triglycerides, cholesterol is a type of fat that is both consumed in the diet but

　　A B C D

　　manufactured by the body.

　　37.Both the United States silver dollar and half-dollar, first minted in 1794, had a figure

　　A B C

　　of Liberty on one side and a eagle on the reverse side.

　　D

　　38.For an advertisement to be effective, its production and placement must to be based

　　A B C

　　on a knowledge of human nature and a skilled use of the media.

　　D

　　39.While photosynthesis in green plants, light energy is captured and used to convert

　　A B C

　　water, carbon dioxide, and minerals into oxygen and energy-rich organic compounds.

　　D

　　40.The Democratic Party, the most oldest existing political party in the United States,

　　A B

　　has played a vital role in the nation’s history.

　　C D

　　Section Three: Reading Comprehension

　　Questions 1-10

　　One area of paleoanthropological study involves the eating and dietary habits of hominids, erect

　　bipedal primates—including early humans. It is clear that at some stage of history, humans began

　　to carry their food to central places, called home bases, where it

　　Line was shared and consumed with the young and other adults. The use of home bases is a

　　(5) fundamental component of human social behavior; the common meal served at a common hearth is a powerful symbol, a mark of social unity. Home base behavior does not occur among nonhuman primates and is rare among mammals. It is unclear when humans began to use home bases, what kind of communications and social relations were involved, and what the ecological and food-choice contexts of the shift were. Work on early tools,

　　(10) surveys of paleoanthropological sites, development and testing of broad ecological

　　theories, and advances in comparative primatology are contributing to knowledge about this central chapter in human prehistory.

　　One innovative approach to these issues involves studying damage and wear on stone tools. Researchers make tools that replicate excavated specimens as closely as possible

　　(15) and then try to use them as the originals might have been used, in woodcutting, hunting, or cultivation. Depending on how the tool is used, characteristic chippage patterns and microscopically distinguishable polishes develop near the edges. The first application of this method of analysis to stone tools that are 1.5 million to 2 million years old indicates that, from the start, an important function of early stone tools was to extract highly

　　(20) nutritious food—meat and marrow-from large animal carcasses. Fossil bones with cut marks caused by stone tools have been discovered lying in the same 2-million-year-old layers that yielded the oldest such tools and the oldest hominid specimens (including humans) with larger than ape-sized brains. This discovery increases scientists' certainty about when human ancestors began to eat more meat than present-day nonhuman

　　(25) primates. But several questions remain unanswered: how frequently meat eating occurred; what the social implications of meat eating were; and whether the increased use of meat coincides with the beginnings of the use of home bases.

　　1. The passage mainly discusses which of

　　the following aspects of hominid

　　behavior?

　　(A) Changes in eating and dietary

　　practices (B) The creation of stone hunting tools

　　(C) Social interactions at home bases

　　(D) Methods of extracting nutritious food

　　from carcasses

　　2. According to the passage, bringing a meal

　　to a location to be shared by many

　　individuals is

　　(A) an activity typical of nonhuman

　　primates

　　(B) a common practice among animals

　　that eat meat

　　(C) an indication of social unity .

　　(D) a behavior that encourages better

　　dietary habits

　　3. The word "consumed" in line 4 is closest

　　in meaning to

　　(A) prepared

　　(B) stored

　　(C) distributed

　　(D) eaten

　　4. According to paragraph 2, researchers

　　make copies of old stone tools in order to

　　(A) protect the old tools from being worn

　　out

　　(B) display examples of the old tools in

　　museums

　　(C) test theories about how old tools were

　　used

　　(D) learn how to improve the design of

　　modern tools

　　5. In paragraph 2, the author mentions all of

　　the following as examples of ways in

　　which early stone tools were used

　　EXCEPT to

　　(A) build home bases

　　(B) obtain food

　　(C) make weapons

　　(D) shape wood

　　6. The word "innovative" in line 13 is closest

　　in meaning to

　　(A) good

　　(B) new

　　(C) simple

　　(D) costly

　　7. The word "them" in line 15 refers to

　　(A) issues

　　(B) researchers

　　(C) tools

　　(D) specimens

　　8. The author mentions "characteristic

　　chippage patterns" in line 16 as an

　　example of

　　(A) decorations cut into wooden objects

　　(B) differences among tools made of

　　various substances

　　(C) impressions left on prehistoric animal

　　bones

　　(D) indications of wear on stone tools

　　9. The word "extract" in line 19 is closest in

　　meaning to

　　(A) identify

　　(B) remove

　　(C) destroy

　　(D) compare

　　10. The word "whether" in line 26 is closest

　　in meaning to

　　(A) if

　　(B) how

　　(C) why

　　(D) when

　　Questions 11-20

　　In seventeenth-century colonial North America, all day-to-day cooking was done in the

　　fireplace. Generally large, fireplaces were planned for cooking as well as for warmth. Those in

　　the Northeast were usually four or five feet high, and in the South, they were

　　Line often high enough for a person to walk into. A heavy timber called the mantel tree was

　　(5) used as a lintel to support the stonework above the fireplace opening. This timber might be scorched occasionally, but it was far enough in front of the rising column of heat to be safe from catching fire.

　　Two ledges were built across from each other on the inside of the chimney. On these rested the ends of a "lug pole" from which pots were suspended when cooking. Wood

　　(10) from a freshly cut tree was used for the lug pole, so it would resist heat, but it had to be replaced frequently because it dried out and charred, and was thus weakened. Sometimes the pole broke and the dinner fell into the fire. When iron became easier to obtain, it was used instead of wood for lug poles, and later fireplaces had pivoting metal rods to hang pots from.

　　(15) Beside the fireplace and built as part of it was the oven. It was made like a small,

　　secondary fireplace with a flue leading into the main chimney to draw out smoke. Sometimes the door of the oven faced the room, but most ovens were built with the opening facing into the fireplace. On baking days (usually once or twice a week) a roaring fire of "oven wood," consisting of brown maple sticks, was maintained in the oven until its

　　(20) walls were extremely hot. The embers were later removed, bread dough was put into the oven, and the oven was sealed shut until the bread was fully baked.

　　Not ai! baking was done in a big oven, however. Also used was an iron "bake kettle," which looked like a stewpot on legs and which had an iron lid. This is said to have worked well when it was placed in the fireplace, surrounded by glowing wood embers, with more

　　(25) embers piled on its lid.

　　11. Which of the following aspects of

　　domestic life in colonial North America

　　does the passage mainly discuss?

　　(A) Methods of baking bread

　　(B) Fireplace cooking

　　(C) The use of iron kettles in a typical

　　kitchen

　　(D) The types of wood used in preparing

　　meals

　　12. The author mentions the fireplaces built

　　in the South to illustrate

　　(A) how the materials used were similar

　　to the materials used in northeastern

　　fireplaces

　　(B) that they served diverse functions

　　(C) that they were usually larger than

　　northeastern fireplaces

　　(D) how they were safer than

　　northeastern fireplaces

　　13. The word "scorched" in line 6 is closest

　　in meaning to

　　(A) burned

　　(B) cut

　　(C) enlarged

　　(D)bent

　　14. The word "it" in line 6 refers to

　　(A) the stonework

　　(B) the fireplace opening

　　(C) the mantel tree

　　(D) the rising column of heat

　　15. According to the passage, how was food

　　usually cooked in a pot in the

　　seventeenth century?

　　(A) By placing the pot directly into the

　　fire

　　(B) By putting the pot in the oven

　　(C) By filling the pot with hot water

　　(D) By hanging the pot on a pole over

　　the fire

　　16. The word "obtain" in line 12 is closest in

　　meaning to

　　(A) maintain

　　(B) reinforce

　　(C) manufacture

　　(D) acquire

　　17. Which of the following is mentioned in

　　paragraph 2 as a disadvantage of using a

　　wooden lug pole?

　　(A) It was made of wood not readily

　　available.

　　(B) It was difficult to move or rotate.

　　(C) It occasionally broke.

　　(D) It became too hot to touch.

　　18. It can be inferred from paragraph 3 that,

　　compared to other firewood, "oven

　　wood" produced

　　(A) less smoke

　　(B) more heat

　　(C) fewer embers

　　(D) lower flames

　　19. According to paragraph 3, all of the

　　following were true of a colonial oven

　　EXCEPT:

　　(A) It was used to heat the kitchen every

　　day.

　　(B) It was built as part of the main

　　fireplace.

　　(C) The smoke it generated went out

　　through the main chimney.

　　(D) It was heated with maple sticks.

　　20. According to the passage, which of

　　the following was an advantage of a

　　"bake kettle"?

　　(A) It did not take up a lot of space in the fireplace.

　　(B) It did not need to be tightly closed.

　　(C) It could be used in addition to or

　　instead of the oven.

　　(D) It could be used to cook several

　　foods at one time.

　　Questions 21-29

　　Butterflies are among the most extensively studied insects—an estimated 90 percent of the

　　world's species have scientific names. As a consequence, they are perhaps the best group of

　　insects for examining patterns of terrestrial biotic diversity and distribution. Butterflies also

　　have a favorable image with the general public. Hence, they are an excellent group for

　　(5) communicating information on science and conservation issues such as diversity.

　　Perhaps the aspect of butterfly diversity that has received the most attention over the past

　　century is the striking difference in species richness between tropical and temperate regions.

　　For example, in 1875 one biologist pointed out the diversity of butterflies in the Amazon when

　　he mentioned that about 700 species were found within an hour's walk, whereas the total

　　(10) number found on the British islands did not exceed 66, and the whole of Europe supported only

　　321. This early comparison of tropical and temperate butterfly richness has been well

　　confirmed.

　　A general theory of diversity would have to predict not only this difference between

　　temperate and tropical zones, but also patterns within each region, and how these patterns vary

　　(15) among different animal and plant groups. However, for butterflies, variation of species richness

　　within temperate or tropical regions, rather man between them, is poorly understood. Indeed,

　　comparisons of numbers of species among the Amazon basin, tropical Asia, and Africa are still

　　mostly "personal communication" citations, even for vertebrates, In other words, unlike

　　comparison between temperate and tropical areas, these patterns are still in the documentation

　　(20)phase.

　　In documenting geographical variation in butterfly diversity, some arbitrary, practical

　　decisions are made. Diversity, number of species, and species richness are used synonymously;

　　little is known about the evenness of butterfly distribution. The New World butterflies make

　　up the preponderance of examples because they are the most familiar species. It is hoped that

　　(25) by focusing on them, the errors generated by imperfect and incomplete taxonomy will be

　　minimized.

　　21. Which aspect of butterflies does the

　　passage mainly discuss?

　　(A) Their physical characteristics

　　(B) Their names

　　(C) Their adaptation to different habitats

　　(D) Their variety

　　22. The word "consequence" in line 2 is

　　closest in meaning to

　　(A) result

　　(B) explanation

　　(C) analysis

　　(D) requirement

　　23. Butterflies are a good example for

　　communicating information about

　　conservation issues because they

　　(A) are simple in structure

　　(B) are viewed positively by people

　　(C) have been given scientific names

　　(D) are found mainly in temperate

　　climates

　　24. The word "striking" in line 7 is closest in

　　meaning to

　　(A) physical

　　(B) confusing

　　(C) noticeable

　　(D) successful

　　25. The word "exceed" in line 10 is closest

　　in meaning to

　　(A) locate

　　(B) allow

　　(C) go beyond

　　(D) come close to

　　26. All of the following are mentioned as

　　being important parts of a general theory

　　of diversity EXCEPT

　　(A) differences between temperate and

　　tropical zones

　　(B) patterns of distribution of species in

　　each region

　　(C) migration among temperate and

　　tropical zones

　　(D) variation of patterns of distribution

　　of species among different animals

　　and plants

　　27. The author mentions tropical Asia in

　　lines 17-18 as an example of a location

　　where

　　(A) butterfly behavior varies with

　　climate

　　(B) a general theory of butterfly

　　diversity has not yet been firmly

　　established

　　(C) butterflies are affected by human

　　populations

　　(D) documenting plant species is more

　　difficult than documenting butterfly

　　species

　　28. Which of the following is NOT well

　　understood by biologists?

　　(A) European butterfly habitats

　　(B) Differences in species richness

　　between temperate and tropical

　　regions

　　(C) Differences in species richness

　　within a temperate or a tropical

　　region

　　(D) Comparisons of behavior patterns of

　　butterflies and certain animal groups

　　29. The word "generated" in line 25 is

　　closest in meaning to

　　(A) requested

　　(B) caused

　　(C) assisted

　　(D) estimated

　　Questions 30-40

　　According to anthropologists, people in preindustrial societies spent 3 to 4 hours per day or about 20 hours per week doing the work necessary for life. Modern comparisons of the amount of work performed per week, however, begin with the Industrial Revolution

　　Line (1760-1840) when 10- to 12-hour workdays with six workdays per week were the norm.

　　(5) Even with extensive time devoted to work, however, both incomes and standards of living were low. As incomes rose near the end of the Industrial Revolution, it became increasingly common to treat Saturday afternoons as a half-day holiday. The half holiday had become standard practice in Britain by the 1870's, but did not become common in the United States until the 1920's.

　　(10) In the United States, the first third of the twentieth century saw the workweek move

　　from 60 hours per week to just under 50 hours by the start of the 1930' s. In 1914 Henry Ford reduced daily work hours at his automobile plants from 9 to 8. In 1926 he announced that henceforth his factories would close for the entire day on Saturday. At the time, Ford received criticism from other firms such as United States Steel and Westinghouse, but the

　　(15) idea was popular with workers.

　　The Depression years of the 1930's brought with them the notion of job sharing to spread available work around; the workweek dropped to a modem low for the United States of 35 hours. In 1938 the Fair Labor Standards Act mandated a weekly maximum of 40 hours to begin in 1940, and since that time the 8-hour day, 5-day workweek has been the standard in

　　(20) the United States. Adjustments in various places, however, show that this standard is not

　　immutable. In 1987, for example, German metalworkers struck for and received a 37.5-hour workweek; and in 1990 many workers in Britain won a 37-hour week. Since 1989, the Japanese government has moved from a 6- to a 5-day workweek and has set a national target of 1,800 work hours per year for the average worker. The average amount of work

　　(25) per year in Japan in 1989 was 2,088 hours per worker, compared to 1,957 for the United States and 1,646 for France.

　　30. What does the passage mainly discuss?

　　(A) Why people in preindustrial

　　societies worked few hours per week

　　(B) Changes that have occurred in the number of hours that people work per week

　　(C) A comparison of the number of hours worked per year in several industries

　　(D) Working conditions during the

　　Industrial Revolution

　　31. Compared to preiudustrial times, the

　　number of hours in the workweek in the nineteenth century

　　(A) remained constant

　　(B) decreased slightly

　　(C) decreased significantly

　　(D) increased significantly

　　32. The word "norm" in line 4 is closest in meaning to

　　(A) minimum.

　　(B) example

　　(C) possibility

　　(D) standard

　　33. The word "henceforth" in line 13 is closest in meaning to

　　(A) in the end

　　(B) for a brief period

　　(C) from that time on

　　(D) on occasion

　　34. The "idea" mentioned in line 15 refers to

　　(A) the 60-hour workweek

　　(B) the reduction in the cost of

　　automobiles

　　(C) the reduction in the workweek at

　　some automobile factories

　　(D) the criticism of Ford by United States Steel and Westinghouse

　　35. What is one reason for the change in the

　　length of the workweek for the average

　　worker in the United States during the

　　1930's?

　　(A) Several people sometimes shared a

　　single job.

　　(B) Labor strikes in several countries

　　influenced labor policy in the

　　United States.

　　(C) Several corporations increased the

　　length of the workweek.

　　(D) The United States government

　　instituted a 35-hour workweek.

　　36. Which of the following is mentioned as

　　one of the purposes of the Fair Labor

　　Standards Act of 1938 ?

　　(A) To discourage workers from asking

　　fof increased wages

　　(B) To establish a limit on the number of

　　hours in the workweek

　　(C) To allow employers to set the length

　　of the workweek for their workers

　　(D) To restrict trade with countries that

　　had a long workweek

　　37. The word "mandated" in line 18 is

　　closest in meaning to

　　(A) required

　　(B) recommended

　　(C) eliminated

　　(D) considered

　　38. The word "immutable" in line 21 is

　　closest in meaning to

　　(A) unmatched

　　(B) irregular

　　(C) unnecessary

　　(D) unchangeable

　　39. Which of the following is NOT

　　mentioned as evidence that the length of

　　the workweek has been declining since

　　the nineteenth century?

　　(A) The half-day holiday (line 7)

　　(B) Henry Ford (lines 11-12)

　　(C) United States Steel and

　　Westinghouse (line 14)

　　(D) German metalworkers (line 21)

　　40. According to the passage, one goal of the

　　Japanese government is to reduce the

　　average annual amount of work to

　　(A) 1,646 hours

　　(B) 1,800 hours

　　(C) 1,957 hours

　　(D) 2,088 hours

　　Questions 41-50

　　The Arts and Crafts Movement in the United States was responsible for sweeping changes in attitudes toward the decorative arts, then considered the minor or household arts. Its focus on decorative arts helped to induce United Slates museums and private

　　Line collectors to begin collecting furniture, glass, ceramics, metalwork, and textiles in the

　　(5) late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries. The fact that artisans, who were looked on as mechanics or skilled workers in the eighteenth century, are frequently considered artists today is directly attributable to the Arts and Crafts Movement of the nineteenth century. The importance now placed on attractive and harmonious home decoration can also be traced to this period, when Victorian interior arrangements were revised to

　　(10) admit greater light and more freely flowing spaces.

　　The Arts and Crafts Movement reacted against mechanized processes that threatened handcrafts and resulted in cheapened, monotonous merchandise. Founded in the late nineteenth century by British social critics John Ruskin and William Morris, the movement revered craft as a form of art. In a rapidly industrializing society, most

　　(15) Victorians agreed that art was an essential moral ingredient in the home environment, and in many middle- and working-class homes craft was the only form of art, Ruskin and his followers criticized not only the degradation of artisans reduced to machine operators, but also the impending loss of daily contact with handcrafted objects, fashioned with pride, integrity, and attention to beauty.

　　(20) In the United States as well as in Great Britain, reformers extolled the virtues of

　　handcrafted objects: simple, straightforward design; solid materials of good quality; and sound, enduring construction techniques. These criteria were interpreted in a variety of styles, ranging from rational and geometric to romantic or naturalistic. Whether abstract, stylized, or realistically treated, the consistent theme in virtually all Arts and Crafts

　　(25) design is nature.

　　The Arts and Crafts Movement was much more than a particular style; it was a philosophy of domestic life. Proponents believed that if simple design, high-quality materials, and honest construction were realized in the home and its appointments, then the occupants would enjoy moral and therapeutic effects. For both artisan and consumer,

　　(30) the Arts and Crafts doctrine was seen as a magical force against the undesirable effects of industrialization.

　　41. The passage primarily focuses on nineteenth-century arts and crafts in terms of which of the following?

　　(A) Their naturalistic themes

　　(B) Their importance in museum

　　collections

　　(C) Their British origin

　　(D) Their role in an industrialized

　　society

　　42. According to the passage, before the nineteenth century, artisans were thought to be

　　(A) defenders of moral standards

　　(B) creators of cheap merchandise

　　(C) skilled workers

　　(D) artists

　　43. It can be inferred from the passage that

　　the Arts and Crafts Movement would

　　have considered ail of the following to

　　be artists EXCEPT

　　(A) creators of textile designs

　　(B) people who produce handmade glass

　　objects

　　(C) operators of machines that

　　automatically cut legs, for furniture

　　(D) metalworkers who create unique

　　pieces of jewelry

　　44. The word "revered" in line 14 is closest

　　in meaning to

　　(A) respected

　　(B) described

　　(C) avoided

　　(D) created

　　45. According to paragraph 2, the

　　handcrafted objects in the homes of

　　middle- and working-class families

　　usually were

　　(A) made by members of the family

　　(B) the least expensive objects in their

　　homes

　　(C) regarded as being morally uplifting

　　(D) thought to symbolize progress

　　46. The word "extolled" in line 20 is closest

　　in meaning to

　　(A) exposed

　　(B) praised

　　(C) believed

　　(D) accepted

　　47. The author mentions all of the following

　　as attributes of handcrafted objects

　　EXCEPT

　　(A) the pride with which they were

　　crafted

　　(B) the complexity of their design

　　(C) the long time that they lasted

　　(D) the quality of their materials

　　48. The word "consistent" in line 24 is

　　closest in meaning to

　　(A) conservative

　　(B) considerable

　　(C) constant

　　(D) concrete

　　49. According to the passage, which of the

　　following changes occurred at the same

　　time as the Arts and Crafts Movement?

　　(A) The creation of brighter and more

　　airy spaces inside homes

　　(B) The rejection of art that depicted

　　nature in a realistic manner

　　(C) A decline of interest in art museum

　　collections

　　(D) An increase in the buying of

　　imported art objects

　　50. Which of the following statements is

　　supported by the passage?

　　(A) Private collectors in the nineteenth

　　century concentrated on acquiring

　　paintings.

　　(B) The Arts and Crafts Movement in

　　the United States, unlike the one in

　　Britain, did not react strongly

　　against mechanized processes.

　　(C) Handcrafted objects in the United

　　States and Britain in the nineteenth

　　century did not use geometric

　　designs.

　　(D) The Arts and Crafts Movement

　　believed in the beneficial effect for

　　people from being surrounded by

　　beautiful objects.